青邊貽貝兩項臨床研究
1. Glasgow Homeopathic Hospital 英國格拉斯哥醫院研究（1980年）
英國格拉斯哥醫院，以順勢療法及綜合護理聞名，順勢療法是一種自然療法，採用礦物、植物和生物中有效成分之超微劑量，必須無毒性也沒副作用，再搭配身心靈諮詢、運動、飲食等自然方式來提高健康質量。這家醫院的醫學博士 Robin Gibson 領導一組醫生在 The Practitioner（1980）中報導了青邊貽貝提取物的臨床評價。
英國格拉斯哥醫院在對 86 名患者進行的初步測試中，55名患有類風濕性關節炎，31名患有骨關節炎。結果顯示 67％的類風濕病和 35％的骨關節炎患者補充青邊貽貝提取物後，關節炎症狀獲得減輕，但有 38％並沒有改善。於是針對這 86 名患者隨後進行了一項雙盲「安慰劑對照研究」，其中 66 名患者參與，這些人有 28 例確診有類風濕關節炎，38例有骨關節炎的臨床和放射學證據。在三個月試驗期監測臨床評估(關節活動性、功能測試、腫脹、疼痛指數)和實驗室指數，其中治療組每天接受1,050mg青邊貽貝提取物，對照組接受安慰劑。除去8名因無關原因退出的患者後，研究結果如下：
76％的類風濕病和45％的骨關節炎組報告疼痛/僵硬度降低。研究中共有28人(40％)表示沒有改善，其中握力的觀察選項都沒有顯著改善。除了在開始研究後2～4週內，試驗中66名患者中的6名患者最初有敏感狀況，因此青邊貽貝提取物的劑量每天降至750mg，但副作用是小的。這種敏感性持續一到兩週後就獲得改善。對該研究的評論：
首先，研究中的患者平均病情超過15年(關節炎晚期)，大多數被列為潛在的外科手術候選人。要阻止關節炎並在此階段逆轉它是一項極其困難的挑戰。其次，更高劑量的青邊貽貝可能會有更好的效果。再來是三個月的時間，不足以建立惡化關節的長期效益和再生的臨床證據。
因此建議使用在早中期的關節炎患者，進行長達一年的較高劑量（每天1-3克）的研究，可能會顯示更好的效果。
Two clinical studies have been previously published using the Perna mussel.
1. Glasgow Homeopathic Hospital Study (1980)
A clinical evaluation of Perna mussel extract was reported in The Practitioner (1980) by a team of physicians headed by Robin Gibson, MD. In a preliminary test carried out with 86 patients, 55 had rheumatoid arthritis and 31 had osteoarthritis . The results showed 67 % the rheumatoid and 35 % of the osteoarthritic patients showed reduction of symptoms from Perna supplementation. Thirty-eight percent of the 86 patients showed no improvement. This was followed by a double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving an additional 66 patients. Of these, 28 had rheumatoid and 38 had clinical and radiological evidence of osteoarthritis. All patients were taking some form of a non-steroidal anti- inflammatory treatment. Clinical assessments (joint mobility, function tests, swelling, pain index) and laboratory indices were monitored before and after a three month trial period where the test group received 1,050 mg of Perna mussel extract per day and the control group received a placebo.
Results of the study, after removing eight patients who dropped out due to unrelated reasons , were as follows : 76 % of the rheumatoid and 45 % the osteoarthritic group reported improvement in the form of reduced pain/stiffness. A total of 23 out of 58 ( 40 % ) in the study showed no improvement. Grip strength did not significantly improve in the treatment group. Side-effects were minimal, apart from initial exacerbation of symptoms experienced by six of the 66 patients in the trial from two to four weeks after starting the study. This increased sensitivity lasted from one to two weeks after which time the individuals generally reported improvement in their symptoms. Dosage of Perna extract was dropped to 750 mg per day once a positive response was seen.
Comment on the study: First, the patients in the study had their condition on average for over 15 years (advanced stage). Most were listed as potential candidates for surgery. Stopping the arthritis process and reversing it at this stage is an extremely difficult challenge. Second, a higher dose of Perna mussel may have given enhanced results.Lastly, three months is not long enough to establish clinical evidence for long- term benefit and regeneration of the deteriorated joints. A longer study of up to a year at a higher dosage (from 1-3 grams of Perna per day) using less advanced arthritic patients may have shown greater effectiveness of the Perna preparation.
2. 法國巴黎醫院對膝關節骨關節炎的研究（1986）
Audeval 和 Bouchacourt 在一家巴黎醫院完成膝關節骨關節炎的臨床並在 Gazette Medicale（1986）上發表的一項研究，報告了53例膝關節骨關節炎患者使用青邊貽貝提取物進行安慰劑對照雙盲研究的結果。 為了確保研究質量，所有患者在臨床上都經歷了數週的穩定疼痛，並透過X光放射照相分析確認患者的病情。
該研究持續六個月每天使用2100毫克青邊貽貝提取物，與匹配的安慰劑相比較。採用了十項療效指標，並每月檢查患者的結果顯示，在10個療效指標中的4個，青邊貽貝組在統計學上優於安慰劑組，這四個指標包含：
- 疼痛和不適（Husrisson的量表）
- ARA 功能指數
- 患者對治療結果的意見
- 醫生判斷治療效果
對該研究的評論：參與者對青邊貽貝提取物的耐受性良好(未有過敏狀況)，未報告有不良反應。安慰劑組可能使用了較高劑量的NSAIDs，這可以解釋該組中的晨僵較少。六個月後報告放射照相數據，證明青邊貽貝組可能進行軟骨重建。總體而言，該研究報導使用青邊貽貝有助於治療骨關節炎。
2. French Study Involving Osteoarthritis of the Knee (1986)
In a study completed at a Paris hospital and published in the Gazette Medicale (1986), Audeval and Bouchacourt reported on results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study using a mussel extract of Perna canaliculus in 53 patients suffering from osteoarthritis in the knee. To qualify for the study, the patients' conditions were confirmed by radiographic analysis and all had clinically experienced a steady pain for several weeks. The study lasted 6 months using 6 capsules (2100 mg Perna extract per day) versus a matched placebo. Ten efficacy measures were employed and patients were examined monthly
Results showed that the Perna group was statistically superior to the placebo group in 4 of the 10 test areas:
Pain and discomfort (Husrisson's scale) .
Functional index ARA
Patient's opinion on results of treatment
Treatment effectiveness judged by doctor
The placebo group showed a greater reduction in "morning stiffness" as compared to the Perna extract group. The severity of the illness also influenced the results. Perna mussel appeared to be more effective in less serious or moderate cases and not as effective in the more advanced stages. The effectiveness of the product became more obvious towards the end of the six month study.The researchers concluded that Perna canaliculus was effective by influencing the evolution of the arthritic illness (stopping the detarioration and enhancing the repair mechanism) rather than by just working as an analgesic or purely symptomatic anti-inflammatory agent.
Comment on the study: The Perna extract was well tolerated by the participants with no adverse conditions reported. The placebo group may have used higher doses of NSAIDs, which would explain less morning stiffness in this group (not documented).No radiographic data was reported after six months, which may have demonstrated possible cartilage rebuilding in the Perna mussel test group. Overall, the study reported that the use of Perna canaliculus was beneficial in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
註：青邊貽貝提取物
紐西蘭特有種青邊貽貝，提取出的成分中以 GAG 醣胺聚醣最為矚目，因為一般的葡萄糖胺（Glucosamine）經過食用後大約6~8週才能轉換成 GAG，成為關節可用的營養，但是青邊貽貝提取物穩定存在豐富的 GAG可直接被關節使用，當然青邊貽貝提取物中含有與人體相似的天然礦物質與其他成分也有助於關節炎的整體改善。
圖片來源 My Swiss Life
青邊貽貝在生長曲線的高峰期(大約18個月)收成，以急速冷凍乾燥的方式加工成細粉，這種方式不會破壞營養與活性，因此完整保存蛋白質、複合碳水化合物、脂質、天然礦物質、氨基酸和粘多醣（GAG 醣胺聚醣），為身體尤其是關節提供營養。符合潔淨海域、保存完整營養的青邊貽貝提取物，就會有「ORIGINAL PERNA EXTRAKT」的驗證標章。
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